First, of course, the entire text block is printed in 'signature' format, along with either a printed wrapper or printed covers. Then colated, folded and...

stabbed through the fold in preparation for hand-sewing with needle and thread...

Hand-sewing is always done with traditional kettle stitching and interlocking loops for extra strength and longevity.
If the copy is to be bound in boards (hard-cover) then the sewing will include cloth tapes which then form part of the hinges along with additional cloth after 'backing' with adhesive.

Now all of the other binding elements must be created; typically for a hard-cover binding: boards, spine board or card and spine cloth (in this case with gold embossed spine title)

Here are examples of a hard-cover bound in boards, with a cloth spine ("quarter cloth"), and a soft-cover binding with a printed wrapper.
Binders use the term soft-cover binding to avoid confusion with the term 'paperback' which has come to mean a stack of single leaves held together with glue only.

The binding techniques described above are all staight forward and traditional, but if executed competently and with good quality materials, produce a structure which should last several centuries if properly cared for.   Compared to the possible 5(?) to 20 years anticipated lifespan of an 'adhesive only binding.